LDAP/AD是两种应用最广泛的认证服务器，AD是微软基于LDAP开发而成的，应用于Windows平台，而LDAP主要应用于Linux平台（LDAP用在Windows平台比较少）。既然AD是基于LDAP的扩展，则LDAP大部分协议，AD均可原生支持，这位我们操作和管理AD认证服务器提供了大大的便利。

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在软件开发过程中，很多公司都采用AD/LDAP用于自己的用户认证体系，本文重点研究通过Python语言提供的Python-Ldap框架，来操作和管理AD/LDAP中的用户，组织结构等，希望对大家有所帮助。

基本概念：

o– organization（组织-公司）
ou – organization unit（组织单元/部门）
c - countryName（国家）
dc - domainComponent（域名组件）
sn – suer name（真实名称）
cn - common name（常用名称）
dn - distinguished name（唯一标识）

AD和LDAP中的字段及含义：

• 用户表字段对应关系：

  字段描述    表示值
  唯一标识    dn
  用户名 userPrincipalName(AD)/cn(LDAP)
  密码  userPassword
  真实姓名    displayName
  工作地点    physicalDeliveryOfficeName
  职务  title
  邮箱  mail
  个人电话    telephoneNumber
  公司电话    homePhone

• 组织结构表对应关系：

  字段描述    表示值
  唯一标识    dn
  组织名称    ou
  组织描述    description

• 在AD中创建用户

import ldap
def create_ad_user(username, unicode_password, org_dn):
    l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:636') #use secure port default:636
    l.protocol_version = 3
    l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
    l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
    user = {}
    user['objectclass'] = ['top', 'person', 'organizationalPerson', 'user']
    user_dn = 'cn=%s,%s' % (username,org_dn)
    user['userPrincipalName'] = '%s@%s' % (username, domain)
    user['userAccountControl'] = '66048' # active user account
    user['unicodePwd'] = unicode_password
    ldif = modlist.addModlist(user)
    ret, _ = l.add_s(user_dn, ldif)
    print ret

• 在LDAP中创建用户

  import ldap
  def create_ldap_user(username, password, org_dn):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  user = {}
  user['objectclass'] = ['top', 'person', 'inetOrgPerson']
  user['cn'] = username
  user['sn'] = user['cn']
  user['password'] = password
  user_dn = 'cn=%s,%s' % (username,org_dn)
  ldif = modlist.addModlist(user)
  ret, _ = l.add_s(user_dn, ldif)
  print ret

• 修改AD/LDAP用户基本信息

  import ldap
  def modify_user(username):
  firstname = 'Abel'
  lastname = 'Lee'
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  cn = username
  dn = 'cn=%s,ou=org1,dc=testad,dc=com' % cn
  old = {'description': 'old description'}
  new = {'description': 'new description'}
  ldif = ldap.modifyModlist(old, new)
  ret = l.modify_s(dn, ldif)
  l.unbind_s()
  print ret

• 删除AD/LDAP用户

  import ldap
  def delete_users(user_dn):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  ret = l.delete_s(user_dn)
  l.unbind_s()
  print ret

• 查询AD用户信息

  import ldap
  def describe_ad_users(org_dn='', usernames = []):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  USER_ATTRS = ['userAccountControl','displayName','description','homePhone','physicalDeliveryOfficeName','title','mail','telephoneNumber']
  filterstr = '(&(objectclass=user)'
  if len(usernames) > 0:
      filterstr = filterstr + '(|'
  for username in usernames:
      username = '%s@%s' % (username, domain)
      userPrincipalName = '(userPrincipalName=%s)' % username
      filterstr += userPrincipalName
  if len(usernames) > 0:
      filterstr += '))'
  else:
      filterstr += ')'
  if org_dn:
      ret = l.search_s(org_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                         attrlist=USER_ATTRS)
  else:
      ret = l.search_s(base_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                         attrlist=USER_ATTRS) 
  print ret

• 查询LDAP中的用户

  import ldap
  def describe_ldap_users(org_dn='', usernames = []):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  USER_ATTRS = ['userAccountControl','displayName','description','homePhone','physicalDeliveryOfficeName','title','mail','telephoneNumber']
  filterstr = '(&(objectclass=person)'
  if len(usernames) > 0:
      filterstr = filterstr + '(|'
  for cn in usernames:
      cn = '(cn=%s)' % cn
      filterstr += cn
  if len(usernames) > 0:
      filterstr += '))'
  else:
      filterstr += ')'
  if org_dn:
      ret = l.search_s(org_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                         attrlist=USER_ATTRS)
  else:
      ret = l.search_s(base_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                         attrlist=USER_ATTRS) 
  print ret

• AD用户认证

  import ldap
  def login_ad(user_dn, password):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s(user_dn, password)
  cn = user_dn.split(',')[0].split('=')
  base_dn = 'dc=testad,dc=com'
  domain = 'testad.com'
  username = '%s@%s' % (cn[1], domain)
  ret = l.search_s(base_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE,"(userPrincipalName=%s)" % username, ["userPrincipalName"])
  if ret is None or len(ret) == 0:
      return False
  return True

• LDAP用户认证

  import ldap
  def login_ldap(user_dn, password):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s(user_dn, password)
  cn = user_dn.split(',')[0].split('=')
  base_dn = 'dc=testad,dc=com'
  ret = l.search_s(base_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE,"%s=%s" % (cn[0], cn[1]))
  if ret is None or len(ret) == 0:
      return False
  return True

• 设置AD用户密码，修改AD用户密码可以先认证再设置

  import ldap
  def set_ad_password(user_dn, unicode_password):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:636') #use secure port
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  param_pwd = [(ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'unicodePwd', [password_utf16]), (ldap.MOD_REPLACE, 'unicodePwd', [password_utf16])]
  ret,_ = l.modify_s(user_dn, param_pwd)
  print ret

• 设置LDAP用户密码

  import ldap
  def set_ldap_password(user_dn, password):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  l.passwd_s(user_dn, None, password)

• 修改LDAP用户密码

  import ldap
  def modify_ldap_password(user_dn, old_password, new_password):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  l.passwd_s(user_dn, old_password, new_password)

• 创建AD/LDAP组织结构

  import ldap
  def create_ou(parent_dn, ou):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  attrs= {'ou': ou}
  attrs['description'] = 'this is description'
  attrs['objectClass'] = ['organizationalUnit','top']
  dn = 'ou=%s,%s' % (attrs['ou'], parent_dn)
  ldif = modlist.addModlist(attrs)
  ret, _ = l.add_s(dn,ldif)
  print ret

• 修改AD/LDAP组织结构

  import ldap
  def modify_ou(attrs={'description': 'new_description'}):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  old_attrs = {'description': 'old_description'}
  ldif = modlist.modifyModlist(old_attrs, attrs)
  l.modify_s(dn,ldif)

• 删除AD/LDAP组织结构

  import ldap
  def delete_ou(dn):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0) 
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  l.delete_s(dn)

• 查询AD/LDAP组织结构

  import ldap
  def describe_ou(parent_dn='', org_DNS=[]):
  ORGANIZATION_ATTRS = ['ou', 'description']
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  filterstr = '(&(objectclass=organizationalUnit)'
  for dn in org_dns:
      objectGUID = '(ou=%s)' % dn
      filterstr += objectGUID
  filterstr += ')'
  if parent_dn:
      ret = l.search_s(parent_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                     attrlist=ORGANIZATION_ATTRS)
  else:
      ret = l.search_s(base_dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, filterstr, 
                                     attrlist=ORGANIZATION_ATTRS)
  print ret

• 修改用户所属组织结构

  import ldap
  def change_user_in_ou(user_dn, new_org_dn):
  l = ldap.initialize('ldap://172.16.1.163:389')
  l.protocol_version = 3
  l.set_option(ldap.OPT_REFERRALS, 0)
  l.simple_bind_s('Administrator', 'P@ssword')
  cn = user_dn.split(',')[0]
  ret = l.rename_s(user_dn, cn, new_org_dn)
  print ret

注意：AD和LDAP中如：创建用户，查询用户等操作，其使用端口和查询字段均有差异，还请格外注意，另外，代码如有不明确指出，欢迎留言讨论。

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